Jesus saves - for a rainy day
But Pharaoh now plays the stock market
He once lent some money to Moses, they say,
Who promptly pissed off in a basket.
Jesus saves - for a rainy day
But Pharaoh now plays the stock market
He once lent some money to Moses, they say,
Who promptly pissed off in a basket.
Ladies & gentlemen, it is my singular privilege, my absolute honour, my unparalleled, unadulterated pleasure to give to you that sublime balm for the battered spirit, that most delectable, restorative, & robust of refreshments...the humble, yet incomparable...FIRST CUP OF TEA!!! ☕
"When shall we, tea, meet again?" - the draft first line from Macbeth, before Shakespeare realised tea wouldn't become a nationally popular drink for another 40 years. That's how clever he was. 😉☕
To help understand what this text tells us of cross-cultural encounters we need to see the context in which it was written. We need to examine the source and to whom and why it was produced. We need to see how the discovery of such sophisticated artwork sat alongside the Victorian attitudes to Africa, their view on race and their interpretation of ‘civilisation’. If we also explore how they judged these objects at the time we can reflect how they continue to be re-interpreted and evolve.
There were intense rivalries between the European museums of the time following the discoveries at Benin. Read and Dalton were, “keen to promote the ethnography within the British Museum…to cast the British as the civilised keeper of the world’s history,” (Loftus, 2008, p53).
Read and Dalton struggled to explain the origin of the plaques discovered in the king’s compound in 1897. There is a certain finality in the suggestion that the haphazard way they were found after the invasion would forever, “destroy any hope that a clue to their origin or use might be found in Benin itself” (Read and Dalton, 1898 in Loftus and Wood, 2008, p84). Their puzzlement to, “account for so highly developed an art among a race so entirely barbarous” (Read and Dalton, 1898 in Loftus and Wood, p84) not only re-affirms stereotypical Victorian views of ‘primitive’ Africa but also emphasises the shortage of non-British evidence. Although Read and Dalton would later use Bini oral accounts it is useful to note that the primary sources available in 1897 were those of government documents, a survivor of the ambush, an officer in the invasion force, a doctor and the media, all British (Mackie, 2008, p18). History, very much, being written by the winners.
The Victorians, and later the Edwardians, were slow to establish the Art of Benin as indigenous to the region or self-inspired. Their explanation for its production was, “that the native was raised for the moment above his normal level by direct foreign inspiration,” (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910-11 in Loftus and Wood, 2008, p82), a direct reference to the Portuguese influence over the area.
By the conquest of Benin City in 1897 the British hoped to be, “opening access to both trade and Christianity,” (Mackie, 2008, p27), seeing African society as, “changeless or regressing,” (Mackie, 2008, p27) and they as the saviour through this two-pronged approach.
Though they describe the pieces as, “remarkable works of art”,(Read and Dalton, 1898, in Loftus and Wood, 2008, p84), it didn’t stop the wholesale shipment of the items as ‘war booty’ back to Europe where they were separated and sold.
Originally displayed in large glass cases, the pieces were grouped together by functionality in an anthropological setting, (Illustration Book 3, plate 3.2.22).
The Benin artwork took many years, many displays and the discovery of local sources, to be regarded and re-interpreted as sophisticated, independent pieces of African art, (Illustration Book, 2008, plate 3.2.25), that can give us an appreciation of the technical skills of the artists allied to an insight into the culture and practices of this once-mysterious, misunderstood society.
Word Count: 516
Bibliography
Entry on ‘Negro’ in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edn. (1910-11). Written by T.A.Joyce, Assistant in the Department of Ethnography, British Museum, and Secretary of the Anthropology Society.
Loftus, D. & Wood, P. (2008), The Art of Benin: Changing Relations Between Europe and Africa II, Brown RD (ed), Cultural Encounters (AA100, Book 3), Milton Keynes, Open University.
Read, C.H. and Dalton, O.M. (1898) ‘Works of art from Benin City, Journal of the Anthropological Institute, vol.27, pp. 362-82.
The Open University (2008), AA100 Illustration Book (Plates for Books 3 and 4), Milton Keynes, The Open University.
Woods, K. & Mackie, R. (2008), The Art of Benin: Changing Relations Between Europe and Africa I, Brown RD (ed), Cultural Encounters (AA100, Book 3), Milton Keynes, Open University.
Stephen Kerr – B865886X 5th July2012
Assignment 05. Part 2.
How strong are the arguments for keeping the Benin ‘bronzes’ in the West?
To evaluate the strength of the arguments for keeping the Benin ‘bronzes’ in the West we must first establish how Benin’s interaction with Europe led to their eventual forced removal. We then must consider the arguments for keeping the ‘bronzes’ in the West and encounter polar opinion to such thoughts. We will establish the difficulties that have been overcome in categorising such pieces and the part they have played in the development of 20th century Western art. From this we should be able to formulate an academic opinion based on this evidence.
Benin had traded with Europe since the late 15th century, following contact with Portuguese merchants operating along their coast. It was this mutually beneficial trade relationship with Portugal that first led to the West’s discovery of the Benin brass artwork, known as ‘bronzes’. In exchange for the raw materials they needed to produce these ‘bronzes’, in the form of brass manillas, Benin would trade intricately carved ivory pieces that were sold in the Portuguese market, (Illustration Book3 Plate 3.1.5.). The ‘bronzes’, during this time, were seen as royal art and not for trade. Though not a modern day trading relationship of equals it was, “certainly characterised by a notable absence of hostility” (Woods, 2008, p16).
This all changed following the sacking of Benin City by the British in 1897. This saw the wholesale removal of ‘bronze’ statues, plaques and ivories from the royal compound, (Illustration Book3 Plate 3.1.14). These items were sold to museums throughout Europe to finance the mission, with institutions in Europe and the United States clamouring for the best pieces. That they remain there to this day is a matter of huge controversy and debate.
The British museum’s mission statement is that it is a museum for the world. It is argued that to return the bronzes to Nigeria would leave a, “yawning gap” (Chris Spring, speaking on The Art of Benin, track2) in the museums representation of world culture. It is countered that to display them in their original place of manufacture would give us, “a better understanding of their function and their aesthetics” (Kevin Dalton-Johnson, speaking on the Art of Benin, track 2).
Ownership of the sculptures also raises much controversy. It can be seen that institutions such as the British Museum see the Benin ‘bronzes’, “like any great work of art, they belong to humankind” (Chris Spring, Art of Benin, track3). This fits in with their ‘museum for the world’ ethos. It is argued that the forcible removal of the ‘bronzes’ was comparable to the forcible removal of many Africans from their homeland during the slave trade and, “there are many kinds of parallels between the Benin bronze displacement and the displacement that is experienced by African diasporics like myself (Kevin Dalton-Johnson, Art of Benin, track3).
It is said that by returning the ‘bronzes’ to Nigeria, “we would lose the potential of talking about everything that they can tell us in our society” (Chris Spring, Art of Benin, track4). It is further argued that they rail against the extreme negative and positive images that we in the West receive of Africa such as, “death, destruction, famine, AIDS, or some sort of idealised idea of Africa, elephants across the Serengeti…” (Chris Spring, Art of Benin, track4).
It is agreed that the way in which the artwork was taken from Benin and given to the museum is a stance, “we would never possibly and couldn’t possibly defend today, “(Chris Spring, Art of Benin, track4). It is the very way in which they were taken that the museum hopes there can be, “a huge amount that this work can teach people to lift that ignorance” (Chris Spring, Art of Benin, track4). As if the sophistication and intricacy of the artwork could go someway toward dispelling the view of ‘primitive’ African art that some people still hold. Others argue that it is simply a continuation of another form of colonialism when the Benin artwork is refused repatriation because the West knows best in the way that the items are categorised and displayed, “…almost justifies their removal…the implication that black people are not capable of looking after things themselves” (Kevin Dalton-Johnson, Art of Benin, track4).
An awful lot has changed since the Benin ‘bronzes’ came to the West in 1897, not least our understanding of the artwork, its categorisation, its functionality and its influence on others. Gone is the Europeans, “profound belief…in his own racial superiority” (Blyden, 1903, in Loftus and Wood, 2008, p82) and in its place a belief that, “looking at the art of Benin properly becomes a gateway to African history” (Wood, 2008, p76).
It could be argued that had these pieces remained in the kings compound in Benin and had never travelled to the West in 1897 then the rest of the world would never have learned of their existence nor the ideas and information they have undoubtedly given us regarding the sophistication of African culture. From the grouping in anthropological, utilitarian classifications of the late 19th century, (Illustration Book 3, plate 3.2.22) through to the modern representations of both functionality and beauty (Illustration Book 3, plate 3.2.24) of today, we have seen that the West has finally appreciated these working pieces of art for the purpose that was originally intended.
To argue on a purely cultural level regarding the retention of the Benin ‘bronzes’ by the West it seems that they are serving a really useful purpose in the Western museums. The British Museum and its Western counterparts are huge seats of learning in the 21st century. With the advent of global travel and the ease of use of the Internet there really is no reason that the world cannot finally share in what they hold for it in perpetuity. If their purpose is to educate and inform on African culture then one could argue that they are best placed in Europe to reach a wider audience, an audience, incidentally who are the descendants of the colonialists. The idea of, “ Reparation Through Education” (Chris Spring, Art of Benin, track5) would seem an appropriate use of the objects when considering the journey they have undertaken.
Word Count: 1,023
Bibliography
Edward.W.Blyden (1903) ‘West Africa before Europe’, Journal of the Royal African Society, vol.2, no. 8, pp359-74 (extracts from pp.363, 365, 368-9)
Loftus, D. & Wood, P. (2008), The Art of Benin: Changing Relations Between Europe and Africa II, Brown RD (ed), Cultural Encounters (AA100, Book 3), Milton Keynes, Open University.
‘The Art of Benin, Return of the Bronzes’ Chris Spring, (2008), (AA100 DVD ROM), Milton Keynes, The Open University
‘The Art of Benin, Return of the Bronzes’, Kevin Dalton-Johnson, (2008), (AA100 DVD ROM), Milton Keynes, The Open University
The Open University (2008), AA100 Illustration Book (Plates for Books 3 and 4), Milton Keynes, The Open University.
Woods, K. & Mackie, R. (2008), The Art of Benin: Changing Relations Between Europe and Africa I, Brown RD (ed), Cultural Encounters (AA100, Book 3), Milton Keynes, Open University.
At the corner shop an assistant uses a handheld device which beeps and flashes.
"Are you on a spaceship battling aliens!?" I nervously laugh.
"If only" she wistfully replies.
In a galaxy far far away there's probably an embattled alien wishing it was stocktaking.
Late on parade
and sipping my late brew
second cup - dismayed
that I have jumped the queue.
"Do you want to see my etchings?"
Said Time to me in a dream.
Time handed me a mirror
And I woke up with a scream.
As I once again discard the old tea bag into the food waste bin there's still a part of me, every time I open the lid, which expects to see a tiny tea bush growing inside. ☕
Relish every sip
Embellish every morning
Save each and every drip
Increase our global warming. ☕
First cup of tea: Chapter 1. "It was the best of times, it was the best of times..."
The original first line draft of Dickens, A Tale Of Two Cities, written while drinking tea. ☕
"Therefore, send not to know
For whom the bell tolls,
It tolls for tea."
John Donne's first draft. ☕
Your happiness is due to be delivered within the first sip; you can track your happiness here - ☕ - just scan the Ooh Ahh code.
the teabag's squished and squashed and mashed
'tween teacup and 'tween spoon,
the teapot's hopes are tossed and dashed,
its song now out of tune.
Where anticipation and expectation roll into one big delectation - at the tea station. ☕
🎶🎵🎶"We all sip for that mellow dopamine.🎶🎵🎶
The first draft of Yellow Submarine by tea-loving Ringo Starr.☕
Warning; side effects include happiness, daydreaming, pondering and satisfaction. ☕
Swallows and Amazons - a little known fact; Arthur Ransome got the title for his famous children's adventure series after finishing a cuppa and taking a delivery from a courier. Probably. ☕
Where the infinite possibilities of the imagination meet the finite dimensions of your teacup. ☕
Rest awhile & take some time
To drink this brew & then unwind
For tea is not just any drink
It makes us ponder, stop, and think.
"Do people still wash their front steps?"
"And how do porcupines have sex?"
"Why is Pluto not a planet?"
"And where the hell's the Isle of Thanet?"
I like to think that the slight tannin stain on my old chipped mug is where the mug itself stores its own fond memories of tea. ☕
I thank the woman who picked the leaf,
the farmer who milked the cow,
the potter who made my old, chipped mug,
and the present for just being now. ☕
As I make it, it's a hope, as I drink it, it's a pleasure, when it's finished, it's a memory, then it returns, to a hope once more. Tea is life in a cup. ☕
As I get older I identify more and more with my teapot; rarely used, merely decorative, and only taken out on special occasions. 😂☕
We measure our journey in such small sips; savour every one, for they are bookmarks to the future. ☕
I ponder on the fact that every atom in my tea was once forged from a dying star or produced milliseconds after the Big Bang.
Then I wonder, is milk 1st or 2nd even worth considering due to the cosmological implications for the humble cuppa?
It is.
Milk first!
Blast off!! 🚀☕
The poet rides alone and hard along the alchemic trail,
trapped inside their own construct,
a perpetual motion machine of the edit.
But there comes a point where there is no more chaff to discard,
no more lead to be sacrificed in the crucible of revision.
There comes a time when they must announce to the world,
"Here it is - my newborn poem."
And the world more often than not replies,
"Ahh. Aren't they...oh! Erm, such an interesting face."
Bamboo is the noisiest wood
You can hear it growing, hark!
Yet the flowering dogwood tree
Has the most silent bark.
A metaphor for life itself; ignore the appearance of the cup, it's always what's inside that counts. ☕
I haven't found Dr Livingstone but I've found the source of the smile, I presume. ☕
Be my Valentine:
Even though he was beaten,
Stoned and beheaded.
For nothing says love
More than a stoned, headless saint,
And forecourt flowers.
Here's to every furrowed groove
That’s marched across my brow,
Proof I’ve lived, I’ve laughed, I’ve stressed
Behind Time's skin-deep plough.
I glance briefly at a cupboard full of cups and saucers as I pull out a mug. I can almost hear an audible sigh from the posh china as once again expediency overrules decorum. ☕
The sun rises as I sup - and I'm only 99% convinced that the two things are not related. ☕☀️
I'm tickled pink
I love this drink
It keeps the blues away.
Earl Grey or not
It hits the spot
It colours all my day. ☕
Grateful to the Tea Gods for holding up Now for the briefest of moments for the longest of looks. ☕
Life's a jigsaw. Many don't get to finish the puzzle, even less appreciate the picture. Everyone's picture is different. Everyone's box is the same. 🧩🧩🧩
Time takes a moment's break while Memory
plays its greatest hits and gives a
shout-out
to the Future
(who neither have met but have heard great things). ☕
First ponder of the day; someone, somewhere will be having their first ever first cup of tea, and someone, somewhere will be having their last. 🤔
Therefore, the key to a long & happy life is to always stay ahead of the first person and to always stay just behind the second person. ☕
From a steaming pot
or a steaming kettle
just the one first cup
and the day can settle. ☕
the first sup's always too hot
the last sup's always too cold
the art is to find that Goldilocks spot
then the rest of the day can unfold. ☕
It's better to order flat white
An espresso but kept out of sight
You can trick all your mates
But this drink equates
To a pacifist wanting a fight!
Tea related songs you could sing to yourself as you make your tea.
Love Is The Mug by Roxy Music
Sip Slidin' Away by Paul Simon
Anything by The Sweet(ner)
Sugar Sugar by The Archies
Smells Like Tea Spirit by Nirvana
Bohemian Rhapsotea by Queen
Stir It Up by Bob Marley
I sip around the chip
And sometimes even glug
"World's Best Dad"
It's quite the brag
But it's my favourite mug. ☕
There may be trouble ahead
But while there's moonlight
And music and love and this cup
Let's face the music and sup! ☕
Returning from Birmingham Airport this morning at 5:30am:
the large crescent moon
hangs low in the sky
hesitant to touch
the frosty horizon
like a small child's slender
finger
which has been told to stay away from
the sweetie jar.
Tinkle the teaspoon
slurp the drink
take time to enjoy
take time to think
there's gold in them hills
there's gold in that sup
there's gold in the thrills
of every first cup. ☕
You might mash the bag
You might stew the leaves
You might have it black
(it's hard to believe)
You might have a mug
You might have a cup
You might have a glug
You might have a sup
You might drink alone
You might drink in pairs
There's only one drink
And nothing compares. ☕
If language were to disappear
And we were left with mime
Would we turn into Una Stubbs
And Lionel Blair in time?
While a picture may paint a thousand words, the taste of that first cup of tea colours in the whole dictionary. ☕
The simple act of brewing up
Of taking teabag, spoon and cup
It brings such joy
It brings such pleasure
There's that rainbow
There's that treasure. 🌈☕
Supping and pondering,
though sometimes I ponder and sup.
I can't help wondering,
what magic is there in this cup? ☕
My fridge is stuffed with trays of leftover party food covered in tin foil. I thrust a hand under the foil into one of the trays, hoping for a fat sausage roll. I pull out instead a rather tired looking carrot stick.
Is my fridge now making new year's resolutions for me?